Education for Adult English Language Learners in the United States: Trends, Research, and Promising Practices
References
Adams, R., & Burt, M. (2002). Research on reading development of adult English language learners: An annotated bibliography. Washington, DC: National
Center for ESL Literacy Education. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/
bibliographies/readingbib.html
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (1999). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: Author
American Institutes for Research and U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education. (2005). A process guide for establishing state adult education content standards. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Available: www.adultedcontentstandards.ed.gov/howto.asp
Asian American Justice Center and Asian Pacific American Legal Center. (2006). A community of contrasts: Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the United States. Washington, DC: Author. Available: www.advancingequality.org
August, D. & Shanahan, T. (2006). Developing literacy in second-language learners. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bachman, L. (1990). Fundamental considerations in language testin. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Belzer, A. (2005). Improving professional development systems: Recommendations from the Pennsylvania adult basic and literacy education professional development system evaluation. Adult Basic Education, 15(1), 33-55.
Belzer, A., Drennon, C., & Smith, C. (2001). Building professional development systems in adult basic education: Lessons from the field. Review of Adult Learning and Literacy, 2. Retrieved June 25, 2008, from www.ncsall.net/?id=559
Birch, B. M. (2002). English L2 reading: Getting to the bottom. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Brancato, V. (2003). Professional development in higher education. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 98, 59-65.
Buck, K., Byrnes, H., & Thompson, I. (Eds.). (1989). The ACTFL oral proficiency interview tester training manual. Yonkers, NY: American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages.
Burt, M. (1999). Using videos with adult English language learners. Washington, DC: National Center for ESL Literacy Education. (ERIC No. ED434539) Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/digests/video.html
Burt, M., & Mathews-Aydinli, J. (2007). Workplace instruction and workforce preparation for adult immigrants. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/briefs/work.html
Burt, M., & Peyton, J. K., & Adams, R. (2003). Reading and adult English language learners: A review of the research. Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Available: www.cal.org/resources/pubs/readadult.html
Burt, M., Peyton, J.K., & Van Duzer, C. (2005). How should adult ESL reading instruction differ from ABE reading instruction? Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved June 23, 2008, from ww.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/briefs/
readingdif.html
Bygate, M., Skehan, P., & Swain, M. (2001). Introduction.
In Researching pedagogic tasks: Second language learning, teaching, and testing (pp. 1–20). Harlow, England: Pearson.
Capps, R., Leighton, K., Ku, L., Fix, M. E., Furgiuele, C.,
Passel, J. S. Ramchand, R., McNiven, S., &
Perez-Lopez, D. (2002, March 4). How are
immigrants faring after welfare reform?
Preliminary evidence from Los Angeles and New York
City (Final Report). Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.urban.org/url.cfm?
ID=410426
Capps, R., Fortuny, K., & Fix, M. (2007). Trends in the low-wage immigrant labor force, 2000-2005. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute. Retrieved July 12, 2008 from www.urban.org/publications/411426.html
Center for Applied Linguistics. (2008). Framework for
quality professional development for practitioners
working with adult English language learners.
Washington, DC: Author. Available: www.cal.org/caelanetwork/pd_resources/
framework.html
Children’s Partnership. (2000). Online content for low- income and underserved Americans: The digital divide’s new frontier. Washington, DC: Author. Available: www.childrenspartnership.org
Chisman, F., & Crandall, J. (2007). Passing the torch: Strategies for innovation in community college ESL. New York: Council for Advancement of Adult Literacy. Retrieved June 25, 2008, from www.caalusa.org/eslpassingtorch226.pdf
Chisman, F., & Spangenberg, G. (2005). To reach the first rung and higher: Building healthcare career ladder opportunities for low-skilled, disadvantaged adults. New York: Council for Advancement of Adult Literacy. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.caalusa.org/firstrungandhigher.pdf
Clement, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1994). Motivation, self-confidence, and group cohesion in the foreign language classroom. Language Learning, 44, 417–448.
Coady, J., Mgoto, J., Hubbard, P., Graney, J., & Mokhtari,
K. (1993). High frequency vocabulary and reading proficiency in ESL readers. In T. Huckin, M. Haynes,
& J. Coady (Eds.), Second language reading and vocabulary learning (pp. 217-28). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Collier, V.P. (1989). How long? A synthesis of research on academic achievement in a second language. TESOL Quarterly, 23(3), 509-531.
Competency-based mainstream English language
training resource package. (1985). Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, Social Security Administration, Office of Refugee
Resettlement.
Competency-based mainstream English language training resource package. (1985). Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, Social Security Administration, Office of Refugee Resettlement.
Condelli, L. Wrigley, H., & Yoon, K.S. (in press). What works for adult literacy students of English as a second language. In S. Reder & J. Bynner (Eds.), Tracking adult literacy and numeracy: Longitudinal studies of adult education. New York and London: Routledge.
Crandall, J., Ingersoll, G., & Lopez, J. (2008). Adult ESL teacher credentialing and certification. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved March 28, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/briefs/tchrcred.html
Crandall, J., Spence, C., & Wrigley, H. (in press). Creating
and supporting healthcare career pathways for adult English language learners. Washington, DC: National Institute for Literacy.
Creticos, P. A., Schultz, J. A., & Beeler, A. (2006). The integration of immigrants in the workplace. Prepublication release. Washington, DC: Institute for Work and the Economy. www.workandeconomy.org/currentprojects1.htm
Cummins, J. (1991). Language learning and bilingualism (Sophia Linguistica Monograph, 29). Tokyo: Sophia University.
Davidson, R. K., & Strucker, J. (n.d.). Patterns of word recognition among adult basic education native and nonnative speakers of English: A NCSALL research
brief. Boston: National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy. Available: www.ncsall.net/fileadmin/
resources/research/brief_strucker.pdf
Dennison, B., & Kirk, R. (1990). Do, review, learn, apply:
A simple guide to experiential learning. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Dohm, A., & Shniper, L. (2007, November). Table 2,
Fastest growing occupations, 2006-16, in "Occupational employment projections to 2016." Monthly Labor Review Online, 130(11). Retrieved
April 4, 2008, from www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2007/11/contents.htm
Eisenhauer, E., Angee, A., Hernandez, C., & Zhang, Y.
(2007). Immigrants in Florida: Characteristics and contributions. Miami, FL: Research Institute for Social and Economic Policy, Florida International University.
Ellis, R. (2000). Task-based research and language pedagogy. Language Teaching Research, 4, 193–220.
Ellis, R., Basturkmen, H., & Loewen, S. (2001). Learner uptake in communicative ESL lesssons. Language Learning, 51, 281-318.
Ertmer, P. A., Lehman, J., Park, S. H., Cramer, J., & Grove, K. (2003). Barriers to teachers’ adoption and use of technology in problem-based learning. Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE) Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE) International Conference, 1761–1766.
Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and
Co-ordinating Centre. (2003). A systematic review of effective strategies to widen adult participation in
learning. Retrieved May 7, 2008 from http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Default.aspx
?tabid=316
Farrell, T. S. C. (2004). Reflective practice in action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Fix, M., McHugh, M., Terrazas, A., & Laglagaron, L. (2008).
Los Angeles on the leading edge: Immigrant
integration indicators and their policy implications. Washington,
DC: Migration Policy Institute. Available: www.migrationpolicy.org
Fix, M. E., & Passel, J. S. (2001, August 2). U.S. immigration
at the beginning of the 21st century: Testimony
before the Subcommittee on Immigration and Claims hearing on “the U.S. population and immigration” Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Available: www.urban.org/
url.cfm?ID=900417
Florez, M. C., & Burt, M. (2001). Beginning to work with adult English language learners: Some considerations. Washington, DC: National Center for ESL Literacy Education. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/digests/beginQA.html
Gaer, S. (1998). Using software in the adult ESL classroom. Washington,
DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved June 23, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/
digests/SwareQA.html
Gans, J. (2007). Immigrants in Arizona: Fiscal and economic impacts. Tucson, AZ: Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, University of Arizona.
Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences (10th anniversary ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Garet, M., Porter, A., Desimone, L., Birman, B., & Yoon, K. S. (2001). What makes professional development effective? Results for a national sample of teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 38(4), 915-945.
Gass, S. M. (1997). Input, interaction, and the second
language learner. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Greenberg, E., Macías, R. F., Rhodes, D., & Chan, T.
(2001). English literacy and language minorities in
the United States (Statistical Analysis Report No.
NCES 2001464). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Available: http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?
pubid=2001464
Grieco, E. (2004). Fact sheet #4. The foreign born in the
U.S. labor force. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved
April 4, 2008, from www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/
four_foreign_born_in_labor_force.pdf
Hacker, E. (1999). Surfing for substance: A professional development guide to integrating the World Wide Web
into adult literacy instruction. New York: Literacy
Assistance Center. Available: http://hub1.worlded.org/docs/surfing
Hakimzadeh, S., & Cohn, D. (2007). English usage among Hispanics in the United States. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center. Available: http://pewhispanic.org/reports/
report.php?ReportID=82
Harklau, L. (2003). Generation 1.5 students and college
writing. Washington, DC: Center for Applied
Linguistics. Retrieved June 23, 2008, from www.cal.org/resources/digest/0305harklau.html
Hawk, W. B. (2000). Online professional development for
adult ESL educators. Washington, DC: Center for
Applied Linguistics. Retrieved June 23, 2008, from www.cal.org/
caela/esl_resources/digests/pdQA.html
Hilferty, A. G. (1996). Coding decoding: Predicting the reading comprehension of Latino adults learning English. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Holt, D., & Van Duzer, C. (2000). Assessing success in
family literacy and adult ESL (Rev. ed.). McHenry, IL & Washington, DC: Delta Systems and Center for
Applied Linguistics.
Hughes, K. L, & Karp, M. M. (2006). Strengthening transitions by encouraging career pathways: A look at state policies and practices. New York: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center.
Huntley, H. S. (1992). The new illiteracy: A study of the pedagogic principles of teaching English as a second language to nonliterate adult. Unpublished manuscript. (ERIC No. ED356685)
James, M. A. (2006). Teaching for transfer in ELT. ELT Journal, 60(2), 151–159.
Jensen, L. (2006). New immigrant settlements in rural America: Problems, prospects, and policies. Durham, NH: Carsey Institute, University of New Hampshire:
Jones, M. L. (1996). Phonics in ESL literacy instruction: Functional or not? World Conference on Literacy. Philadelphia. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service
No. ED436104)
Joyce, B., & Showers, B. (2002). Student achievement through staff development. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Kendall, J. (2001). A technical guide for revising or developing standards and benchmarks. Aurora, CO: Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning.
Kenyon, D., & Van Duzer, C. (2003). Valid, reliable, and appropriate assessments for adult English language learners. Washington, DC: Center for Applied
Linguistics. Retrieved June 23, 2008, from
www.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/
digests/langassessQA.html
Kenyon, D., Van Duzer, C., & Young, S. (2006). OVAE-MPR adult ESL assessment design plan. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Kienzl, G. (2008). Recent participation in formal learning among working-age adults with different levels of education (NCES 2008-041). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
Koda, K. (1999). Development of L2 intraword orthographic sensitivity and decoding skills. Modern Language Journal, 83, 51–64.
Kutner, M., Greenberg, E., Jin,Y., Boyle, B., Hsu,Y., & Dunleavy, E. (2007). Literacy in everyday life: Results from the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NCES 2007–480). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
Long, M. H. (1996). The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition. In W. C. Ritchie & T. K. Bhatia (Eds.), Handbook of research on language acquisition: Vol. 2. Second language acquisition (pp. 413–468). New York: Academic Press.
Long, M. H. (2000). Focus on form in task-based language teaching. In R. D. Lambert & E. Shohamy (Eds.), Language policy and pedagogy: Essays in honor of A. Ronald Walton (pp. 179–192). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
The Manufacturing Institute/Center for Workforce
Success/Jobs for the Future. (2006). Improving
workplace opportunities for limited English-speaking workers: An overview of practices in the
manufacturing sector. Washington, DC: National Association of Manufacturers. Available:
www.nam.org
Marcinkiewicz, H. (2001). Systems planning for faculty development: Integrating instruction with technology. Annual proceedings of selected research and development and practice papers presented at the national convention of the Association for Education Communications and Technology. Available: www.eric.ed.gov
Martinez, T., & Wang, T. (2005). Supporting English language acquisition: Opportunities for foundations to strengthen the social and economic well-being of immigrant families. Baltimore, MD: The Annie E. Casey Foundation. Available: www.aecf.org
Masgoret, A. M., & Gardner, R. C. (2003). Attitudes, motivation, and second language learning: A meta-analysis of studies conducted by Gardner and associates. Language Learning, 53 (Suppl. 1), 167–210.
Mathews-Aydinli, J. (2006). Supporting adult English
language learners’ transitions to postsecondary
education. Washington, DC: Center for Applied
Linguistics. Retrieved June 25, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/
briefs/transition.html
Mathews-Aydinli, J. (2007). Problem-based learning and
adult English language learners. Washington, DC:
Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved June 25,
2008, from www.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/briefs/
problembased.html
Mathews-Aydinli, J., & Taylor, K. (2005). Online professional development for adult ESL educators. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved June 25, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/
digests/pdQA.html
Mathews-Aydinli, J., & Van Horne, R. (2006). Promoting the success of multilevel ESL classes: What teachers and administrators can do. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved June 23, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/briefs/
multilevel.html
McCardle, P. (2006, April). NICHD-OVAE-NIFL funded research—Bringing low literate adults to competency. Paper presented at the International Reading
Association conference, Chicago, Illinois.
McHugh, M., Gelatt, J., & Fix, M. (2007). Adult English language instruction in the United States: Determining need and investing wisely. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
McLeod, B., & McLaughlin, B. (1986). Restructuring or automaticity? Reading in a second language. Language Learning, 36, 109–123.
Messick, S. (1989). Validity. In R. Linn (Ed.), Educational measurement (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Mislevy, R.J., & Knowles, K.T. (Eds.). (2002). Performance assessments for adult education: Exploring the measurement issues. National Academy Press: Washington, DC.
Moss, D., & Ross-Feldman, L. (2003). Second language acquisition in adults: From research to practice. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Retrieved June 23, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/
esl_resources/digests/SLA.html
National Center for Education Statistics (2003). The 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved April 1, 2008, from http://nces.ed.gov/naal/datafiles.asp#2.
National Center for Education Statistics. (2005). Characteristics of public school teachers’ professional development activities: 1999-2000. (U.S. Department of Education Publication No. NCES 2005-030). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
National Center for ESL Literacy Education. (1998). Research agenda for adult ESL. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved June 25, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/agenda.pdf
National Center for ESL Literacy Education. (2003).
Adult English language instruction in the 21st century. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Retrieved June 25, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/
esl_resources/languageinstructionEng.pdf
National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and
Literacy. (2003). Expanding access to adult literacy
with online distance education: An overview of online distance education. Working paper funded by the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Vocational and
Adult Education.
National Work Readiness Council. (2007). National work readiness credential candidate handbook. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.castleworldwide.com/nwrc/documentation/
candidate_handbook.pdf
Norris, J. M., & Ortega, L. (2001). Does type of instruction make a difference? Substantive findings from a meta-analytic review. Language Learning, 51(Suppl. 1), 157–213.
O’Donnell, K. (2006). Adult education participation in 2004-05 (NCES 2006-077). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
Olson, C.B. & Land, R. (2007). A cognitive strategies approach to reading and writing instruction for English language learners in secondary school. Research in the Teaching of English, 41(3), 269-303.
Orrenius, P. M. (2003). U.S. immigration and economic
growth: Putting policy on hold. Southwest Economy,
6, 1-7. Retrieved June 5, 2008 from
www.dallasfed.org/research/swe/2003/swe0306a.pdf
Passel, J. (2007). Growing share of immigrants choosing naturalization. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
Peyton, J. K. (2005). Using the ESL program standards to evaluate and improve adult ESL programs. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved: www.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/briefs/
eslprogstandards.html
Pica, T. (1994). Research on negotiation: What does it reveal about second-language learning conditions, processes, and outcomes? Language Learning, 44, 493–527.
Pica, T. (2008). SLA in the instructional environment.
Working Papers in Educational Linguistics, 23(1), 1-27.
Reigel, D. (2008). Positive feedback in pairwork and its assocation with ESL course level promotion. TESOL Quarterly, 42(1), 79-98.
Savage, K.L. (1984). Teaching strategies for developing literacy skills in non-native speakers of English. Paper presented at the Adult Literacy Conference, Washington, DC. (ERIC No. ED 240 296)
Schaetzel, K., Peyton, J. K., & Burt, M. (2007). Professional development for adult ESL practitioners: Building
capacity. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved January 7, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/
briefs/profdev.html
Schaetzel, K., & Young, S. (2007). Using adult ESL content standards. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved January 7, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/
esl_resources/briefs/usingcontstandards.html
Schmidt, R., & Frota, S. (1986). Developing basic conversational ability in a second language: A case study of an adult learner of Portuguese. In R. Day (Ed.), Talking to learn: Conversation in second language acquisition (pp. 237–326). Rowley, MA: Newbury.
Senge, P. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice
of the learning organization. New York: Currency Doubleday.
Sherman, R., Kutner, M., Tibbetts, J., & Weidler, D. (2000). Professional development resources supplement: Improving instruction, organization, and learner
outcomes through professional development. Building Professional Development Partnerships for Adult Educators Project. Retrieved June 25, 2008, from www.calpro-online.org/pubs/PDResSupp.pdf
Sherman, R., Safford-Ramus, K., Hector-Mason, A., Condelli, L., Olinger, A., & Jani, N. (2006). An environmental scan of adult numeracy professional development initiatives and practices. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research.
Singer, A., & Wilson, J. (2006). From “there” to “here”: Refugee resettlement in metropolitan America. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institute. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.brookings.edu/metro/pubs/20060925_singer.htm
Smith, C., & Gillespie, M. (2007). Research on professional development and teacher change: Implications for
adult basic education. Review of Adult Learning and Literacy, 7. Retrieved June 25, 2008, from www.ncsall.net/fileadmin/
resources/ann_rev/smith-gillespie-07.pdf
Smith, C., Harris, K., & Reder, S. (2005). Applying
research findings to instruction for adult English
language learners. Washington, DC: Center for
Adult English Language Acquisition. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.cal.org/
caela/esl_resources/briefs/research.html
Smith, C., & Hofer, J. (2002). Pathways to change: A summary of findings from NCSALL’s staff development survey. Focus on Basics, (5). Retrieved June 25, 2008, from www.ncsall.net/?id=233
Smith, C., Hofer, J., Gillespie, M., Solomon, M., & Rowe, K. (2003). How teachers change: A study of professional development in adult education. (Report No. 25a). Cambridge, MA: National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy. Retrieved June 25, 2008, from www.ncsall.net/fileadmin/resources/research/report25a.pdf
Smith, T., & Rowley, K. (2005). Enhancing commitment or tightening control: The function of teacher professional development in an era of accountability. Educational Policy, 19(1), 126-154.
Spurling, S., Seymour, S., & Chisman, F. (2008). Pathways
and outcomes: Tracking ESL student performance. A longitudinal study of ESL service at City College of San Francisco. New York: Council for Advancement of Adult Literacy. Retrieved June 5, 2008 from www.caalusa.org/
pathways-outcomes/pathways-outcomesfull.pdf
Sticht, T. G. (2002). The rise of the adult education and
literacy system in the United States: 1600–2000. The Annual Review of Adult Learning and Literacy, 3. Available: http://gseweb.harvard.edu/~ncsall/ann_rev/
index.html
Strucker, J. (1997). What silent reading tests alone can’t
tell you: Two case studies in adult reading differences. Focus on Basics, 1(B), 13-17.
Strucker, J. (2002, June). NCSALL’s Adult Reading
Component Study (ARCS). Paper presented at the International Conference on Multilingula and Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Dyslexia. Washington, DC
Strucker, J. & Davidson, R. (2003). Adult reading
components study (ARCS). Cambridge, MA: National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from www.ncsall.net/fileadmin/resources/
research/brief_strucker2.pdf
Swain, M. (1995). Three functions of output in second
language learning. In G. Cook & B. Seidlhofer (Eds.), Principles & practice in applied linguistics: Studies in honour of H. G. Widdowson (pp. 125–144). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Tan, A., Moore, D.W., Dixon, R.S, & Nicholson, T. (1994). Effects of training in rapid decoding on the reading comprehension of adult ESL learners. Journal of Behavioral Education, 4, 177-189.
Taylor, D. (Ed.). (1997). Many families, many literacies: An international declaration of principles. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.
(2000). Adult ESL language and literacy instruction:
A vision and action agenda for the 21st century. Alexandria, VA: Author. Retrieved July 18, 2008,
from www.cal.org/caela/
esl_resources/vision.pdf
Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.
(2003). Standards for adult education ESL programs. Alexandria, VA: Author. Available: www.tesol.org
Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. (In press) Standards for teachers of adult English language learners. Alexandria, VA: Author
Terrazas, A., Batalova, J., & Fan, V. (2007). Frequently requested statistics on immigrants in the United States. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. Available: www.migrationinformation.org
Terrill, L. (2000). The benefits and challenges in using computers and the Internet with adult English
language learners. Washington, DC: National Center
for ESL Literacy Education. Retrieved July 18, 2008,
from www.cal.org/
caela/esl_resources/usetech.html
Thomas, W. P., & Collier, V. (1997). School effectiveness for language minority students. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education. Available: www.ncela.gwu.edu/rcd/bibliography/BE021805
Tucker, J. (2006). The ESL logjam: Waiting times for adult ESL classes and the impact on English learners. Los Angeles: National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials Educational Fund.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2001). Profile of the foreign-born population in the United States: 2000. Washington,
DC: Author. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p23-206.pdf
U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). U.S. interim projections by
age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Table 1a.
Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved April 4, 2008,
from www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/
U.S. Census Bureau. (2006). American Community Survey
fact finder [online database]. Available: www.census.gov/acs/www/index.html
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education. (1991). Teaching adults with limited English skills: Progress and challenges. Washington, DC: Author.
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and
Adult Education. (2002). Strategic plan, 2002–2007. Washington, DC: Author. Available: www.ed.gov/pubs/
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and
Adult Education. (2005a). Adult education and family literacy act: Program facts. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ovae/
pi/AdultEd/aeflaprogfacts.doc.
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education. (2005b, October). OVAE Review. Washington, DC: Author. Available: www.ed.gov/
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education. (2006). National Reporting System for Adult Education state assessment policy guidance. Washington, DC: Author. Available: www.nrsweb.org
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education. (2007a). Adult education annual report to Congress year 2004–05. Washington, DC: Author.
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and
Adult Education. (2007b). Implementation guidelines: Measures and methods for the National Reporting
System for Adult Education. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.nrsweb.org/docs/
ImplementationGuidelines.pdf
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education. (2008a, January 14). Measuring educational gain in the National Reporting System for Adult Education; final rule (34 CFR Part 462). Federal Register Vol 73, No. 9.
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and
Adult Education (2008b). National Reporting System. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http://wdcrobcolp01.ed.gov/
CFAPPS/OVAE/NRS/tables/?CFID=6141148&CFTOKEN
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Refugee Resettlement. (2005). Annual ORR reports to Congress. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/
orr/data/arc_05.htm
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Refugee Resettlement. (n.d.). Fiscal year 2007
refugee arrivals by country of origin and state of
initial resettlement. Retrieved June 11, 2008, from www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/data/fy2007RA.htm.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2008). Foreign-born workers: Labor force characteristics in 2007. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved June 5, 2008, from www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/forbrn.pdf
Van Duzer, C. H. (2002). Issues in accountability and assessment for adult ESL instruction. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/esl_resources/
digests/accountQA.html
Van Duzer, C. H., & Berdan, R. (1999, December). Perspectives on assessment in adult ESOL instruction. The Annual Review of Adult Learning and Literacy, 1. Available: http://gseweb.harvard.edu/~ncsall/ann_rev/index.html
Washington State Board for Community and Technical Colleges. (2005a). Building pathways to success for
low-skill adult students: Lessons for community
college policy and practice from a longitudinal
student tracking study. (The “tipping point” research). Research Report No. 06-2. Olympia, WA: Author. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.sbctc.ctc.edu/docs/data/research_reports/
resh_06-2_tipping_point.pdf
Washington State Board for Community and Technical Colleges. (2005b, December). I-BEST: A program integrating adult basic education and workforce
training. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from www.sbctc.ctc.edu/docs/data/
research_reports/resh_05-2_i-best.pdf
Waslin, M. (2008). Assessing the economic impact of mmigration at the state and local level. Washington, DC: Immigration Policy Center. Available: www.immigrationpolicy.org
Weinstein-Shr, G., & Quintero, E. (Eds.). (1995). Immigrant learners and their families: Literacy to connect the generations. McHenry, IL and Washington, DC: Delta Systems and Center for Applied Linguistics.
Wrigley, H., Chisman, F., & Ewen, D. (1993). Sparks of excellence: Program realities and promising practices
in adult ESL. Washington, DC: Southport Institute for Policy Analysis.
Wrigley, H., & Guth, G. (1992). Bringing literacy to life: Issues and options in adult ESL literacy. San Mateo, CA: Aguirre International.
Young, S. (2005). Adolescent learners in adult ESL classes. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/
esl_resources/briefs/adolescent.html
Young, S. (2007). Effects of instructional hours and
intensity of instruction on NRS level gain in listening
and speaking. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.cal.org/resources/digest/
levelgain.html
Young, S., & Smith, C. (2006). Understanding adult ESL
content standards. Washington, DC: Center for
Applied Linguistics. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from www.cal.org/caela/
esl_resources/briefs/contentstandards.html