Bell, J. (2004). Teaching multilevel classes in ESL (2nd edition). Toronto, Ontario: Pippin Publishing. The author describes a variety of features that make a class multilevel including differences in language proficiency, education experience, and situational factors. This book discusses the challenges of planning curriculum and teaching multilevel classes and offers strategies for classroom management and practical activities to use. http://www.pippinpub.com/index.asp

Bell, J. & Burnaby, B. (1984). A handbook for ESL literacy. Toronto, Ontario: Pippin Publishing. This book was written for both novice and experienced teachers who are teaching initial reading and writing skills to adult English language learners. It provides background information about literacy theory and offers practical suggestions for lesson planning. It is a classic adult ESL education guide. http://www.pippinpub.com/index.asp

Brod, S. (1999). What non-readers or beginning readers need to know: Performance-based ESL adult literacy. Denver, CO: Spring Institute for International Studies. This short publication provides teachers with communicative activities to use in the beginning level classroom to help learners get started learning to read. http://www.spring-institute.org/

Brown, H.D. (2001). Teaching by principles (2nd ed.). White Plains, NY: Pearson Education. This book discusses teaching practices that are grounded in principles of language learning. The book is written for new teachers and covers topics such as the history of language teaching; cognitive, affective, and linguistic principles of language learning; designing and implementing classroom lessons; and assessing language skills. http://www.longman.com/

McKay, H. & Tom, A. (1999). Teaching adult second language learners. New York: Cambridge University Press. The authors focus specifically on adults learning English. The book provides a summary of the principles of teaching adults and a variety of activities organized by life skill. http://publishing.cambridge.org/ge/elt/

Nash, A. (1999). Civic participation and community action sourcebook: A resource for adult educators. Boston: New England Literacy Resource Center. These stories discuss a wide range of issues from finding a class project and goal-setting to meeting with legislators and advocating for adult education funding. The sourcebook also contains an extensive bibliography of Web-based resources and an appendix of human rights and civics documents. While many of the articles deal with ABE/GED learners and teachers, the themes and activities can be adapted for ESL classes. http://tech.worlded.org/docs/vera/index1.htm

Weinstein, G. (ED.) (1999). Learners' lives as curriculum: Six journeys to immigrant literacy. McHenry, IL and Washington, DC: Delta Systems and Center for Applied Linguistics. This book describes the philosophical background and the actual process of using learners' needs and concerns to develop curricula and materials to assist them to meet language- learning and life goals while they participate actively in their communities. This volume describes six projects that were undertaken in the late 1990s by community-based organizations in the San Francisco Bay Area. http://calstore.cal.org/store/